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Basal forebrain and hypothalamic influences upon brain stem neurons.

M Mancia, M Mariotti, E R Roman

    Brain Research
    |May 14, 1976
    PubMed
    Summary

    Basal forebrain stimulation activates brainstem neurons, potentially synchronizing cortical activity via sensorimotor cortex. Hypothalamic stimulation excites brainstem neurons, contributing to EEG desynchronization through the reticular system.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Electrophysiology
    • Brainstem Function

    Background:

    • The basal forebrain (BF) and hypothalamus (Hyp) play crucial roles in regulating cortical activity and arousal.
    • Understanding the neural pathways through which these structures influence brainstem neurons is essential for deciphering their role in states like sleep and wakefulness.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the direct effects of basal forebrain and hypothalamic stimulation on bulbar, caudopontine, rostropontine, and mesencephalic neurons.
    • To elucidate the role of sensorimotor cortical neurons in mediating basal forebrain influences on brainstem activity.
    • To determine the contribution of brainstem activation to electroencephalogram (EEG) desynchronization induced by hypothalamic stimulation.

    Main Methods:

    • Intracellular recordings were performed in acute "encéphale isolé" preparations.

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  • Low- and high-frequency electrical stimulation was applied to basal forebrain and hypothalamic regions.
  • Bilateral sensorimotor decortication was performed to assess descending influences.

    • Main Results:

    • Low- and high-frequency basal forebrain stimulation induced excitation in a significant percentage of caudopontine (BcP) neurons, with effects disappearing after decortication.
    • Hypothalamic stimulation produced short-latency excitation in a large proportion of BcP, rostropontine (rP), and mesencephalic (Mes) neurons, particularly at high frequencies.
    • High-frequency hypothalamic stimulation led to EEG desynchronization, paralleling the activation of brainstem neurons, with some inhibitory postsynaptic potentials observed in Mes and rP neurons.

    Conclusions:

    • Basal forebrain regions do not directly antagonize the mesencephalic activating system but may induce electrocortical synchronization via activation of caudal brainstem neurons involving sensorimotor cortical pathways.
    • Hypothalamic stimulation facilitates rostral brainstem neurons, suggesting mediation of EEG desynchronization by the ascending reticular system, although other diencephalic-telecephalic mechanisms may also contribute.