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Related Concept Videos

Lung Capacity01:47

Lung Capacity

56.2K
The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
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Respiratory Capacities01:24

Respiratory Capacities

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Respiratory capacities are crucial indicators of lung function, representing the maximum amount of air an individual's respiratory system can handle during various breathing phases.
One key metric is the Inspiratory Capacity (IC), which represents the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled with full effort. IC is calculated by summing the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume, typically ranging from 2.4 to 3.6 liters.
The Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) represents the air in the...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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GTPases and their Regulation02:14

GTPases and their Regulation

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Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
Large G-proteins,...
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Buffers: Buffer Capacity01:09

Buffers: Buffer Capacity

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Buffer capacity is the quantitative measure of a buffer to resist the change in pH. As shown in the following equation, the buffer capacity, denoted by 'beta', is expressed as the number of moles of acid or base needed to change the pH of a one-liter buffer solution by 1 unit. Here, Ca and Cb indicate the number of moles of acid and base, respectively. Note that dpH represents the change in pH.
In the graph, pH is plotted as a function of the number of moles of base (Cb) added to a weak...
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Respiratory Volumes and Capacities01:22

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

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The respiratory system is responsible for the intake of oxygen and the expulsion of carbon dioxide from the body. Respiratory volumes describe the volume of air in the lungs at different phases of the respiratory cycle. Tidal volume is the air breathed in and out during normal, quiet breathing. Inspiratory reserve volume is the air that can be forcefully inspired beyond the tidal volume. In contrast, expiratory reserve volume refers to the air that can be expelled from the lungs after a normal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Assessment of Glutamine as a Fuel Source for Alveolar Macrophages Exposed to Chronic Ethanol Using an Extracellular Flux Bioanalyzer
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Assessment of Glutamine as a Fuel Source for Alveolar Macrophages Exposed to Chronic Ethanol Using an Extracellular Flux Bioanalyzer

Published on: November 15, 2024

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Regulative capacity of glutamine.

Rudolf Oehler1, Erich Roth

  • 1Surgical Research Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Australia. rudolf.oehler@akh-wien.ac.at

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
|April 12, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Glutamine is vital for cell function, especially during critical illness. Reduced glutamine levels impair cell metabolism and stress responses, affecting cell survival and apoptosis sensitivity.

Area of Science:

  • Cellular metabolism
  • Molecular biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Glutamine is essential for nitrogen transport and serves as fuel for rapidly dividing cells like immune and gut cells.
  • Plasma glutamine levels decrease during critical illness, leading to glutamine starvation in these vital cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of extracellular glutamine on the metabolism, function, stress response, and apoptosis of glutamine-utilizing cells.
  • To explore the molecular mechanisms cells use to sense and respond to glutamine availability.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing data on glutamine's role in cellular processes.
  • Analysis of findings related to glutamine starvation effects on cell survival and apoptosis.

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LERLIC-MS/MS for In-depth Characterization and Quantification of Glutamine and Asparagine Deamidation in Shotgun Proteomics
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LERLIC-MS/MS for In-depth Characterization and Quantification of Glutamine and Asparagine Deamidation in Shotgun Proteomics

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Glutamine Flux Imaging Using Genetically Encoded Sensors
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Glutamine Flux Imaging Using Genetically Encoded Sensors

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Assessment of Glutamine as a Fuel Source for Alveolar Macrophages Exposed to Chronic Ethanol Using an Extracellular Flux Bioanalyzer
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Assessment of Glutamine as a Fuel Source for Alveolar Macrophages Exposed to Chronic Ethanol Using an Extracellular Flux Bioanalyzer

Published on: November 15, 2024

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LERLIC-MS/MS for In-depth Characterization and Quantification of Glutamine and Asparagine Deamidation in Shotgun Proteomics
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LERLIC-MS/MS for In-depth Characterization and Quantification of Glutamine and Asparagine Deamidation in Shotgun Proteomics

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Glutamine Flux Imaging Using Genetically Encoded Sensors
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Glutamine Flux Imaging Using Genetically Encoded Sensors

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Main Results:

  • Glutamine starvation causes energy depletion, reduced responsiveness to stimuli, decreased heat shock protein expression, and lower glutathione levels.
  • Cells starved of glutamine exhibit increased sensitivity to Fas ligand-induced apoptosis but decreased sensitivity to TNF-alpha.
  • Molecular mechanisms including AMP-activated protein kinase, redox state, osmosignalling, translation regulation, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are involved in glutamine sensing.

Conclusions:

  • Glutamine-utilizing cells have evolved sophisticated molecular mechanisms to detect extracellular glutamine concentrations.
  • These cells can specifically modulate their metabolism, function, and survival pathways in response to glutamine availability.