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Systemic inflammatory response to exhaustive exercise. Cytokine kinetics
Katsuhiko Suzuki1, Shigeyuki Nakaji, Mutsuo Yamada
1Department of Hygiene, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan. katsu@cc.hirosaki-u.ac.jp
Exercise Immunology Review
|April 15, 2003
Summary
Strenuous exercise impacts immune cells and cytokine release. Anti-inflammatory cytokines, colony-stimulating factors, and chemokines are released early, influencing immune responses and potentially explaining altered immunity post-exercise.
Area of Science:
- Exercise immunology
- Cytokine kinetics
- Immune response to exercise
Background:
- Strenuous exercise affects immune cells, including neutrophil and monocyte mobilization, and can suppress cellular immunity, increasing infection susceptibility.
- Cytokines are key mediators of these exercise-induced phenomena, with significant research accumulation since 2000.
- Traditional pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta show minimal changes post-exercise, suggesting other mediators are involved.
Purpose of the Study:
- To comprehensively review and compare systemic cytokine kinetics following exercise in human studies.
- To investigate changes in plasma and urine concentrations of a broad spectrum of cytokines after maximal exercise.
- To examine the time course of cytokine recovery post-exercise.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review of previous studies on systemic cytokine kinetics post-exercise.
- Analysis of plasma and urine cytokine concentrations (16 types) following maximal exercise.
- Utilized specific immunoassays for quantitative comparison and reproducibility assessment.
Main Results:
- Anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-10) and inhibitors increase markedly post-endurance exercise, potentially mediating small changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines.
- Endurance exercise induces systemic release of G-CSF, M-CSF, IL-8, and MCP-1.
- Maximal exercise showed increased urine concentrations of IL-6 and IL-4, and immediate increases in plasma G-CSF, GM-CSF, M-CSF, IL-8, and MCP-1, with more pronounced urine levels.
Conclusions:
- Cytokines released post-exercise include anti-inflammatory types, colony-stimulating factors, and chemokines, secreted early and preceding traditional pro-inflammatory cytokines.
- These cytokine kinetics may explain suppressed cell-mediated immunity and increased allergic reactions by altering the type-1 to type-2 cytokine ratio.
- Further research is needed to fully understand the physiological and pathological implications of these exercise-induced cytokine changes.