Pathophysiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) progresses at a different rate in tissue...

Tissue factor (TF) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are frequently used to induce disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in experimental animal models. Although the pathophysiology of DIC may differ depending on which agent is used for induction, previous studies on models of DIC have not distinguished which DIC-inducing agent was used. In the present paper, we evaluate the characteristics of TF-induced and LPS-induced DIC using two types of DIC models, with special reference to selected hemostatic parameters and pathological findings within the kidney. Male Wistar rats were administered TF (3.75 U/kg; sustained infusion for 4 h) or LPS (30 mg/kg; sustained infusion for 4 h) via the tail vein, and blood sampling was performed at 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 28 h. Judging from changes in the levels of thrombin-antithrombin complex, fibrinogen levels, and platelet counts, it is reasonable to conclude that the severity of both types of experimental DIC is similar with regard to hemostatic activation and consumption coagulopathy. A marked elevation in the level of D-dimer was noted without any organ dysfunction or much fibrin deposition in the kidney upon administration of TF. However, a markedly prolonged period of elevation in plasminogen activator inhibitor activity, a prolonged depression in antithrombin III activity, severe organ failure, and a markedly prolonged period of fibrin deposition in the kidney was observed following LPS administration. A modest number of the rats from the TF-induced DIC model died during the experimental period, whereas a large number of rats died during LPS-induced DIC, especially after 9 h. Since the time course of the pathophysiology differed remarkably among the TF-induced and LPS-induced DIC models in rats, we recommend that TF-induced and LPS-induced DIC be approached as distinct models in order to determine the implications of their experimental and clinical use.