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Updated: Sep 26, 2026

The Motivation for Alcohol Reward: Predictors of Progressive-Ratio Intravenous Alcohol Self-Administration in Humans
Published on: April 28, 2022
Decreased risk of alcohol dependence and/or misuse in women with high self-assertiveness and leadership abilities
G Hensing1, F Spak, K L Thundal
1Department of Social Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Box 453, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
Aims:
To analyse dimensions of gender identity and its association to psychiatric disorders and alcohol consumption.
Methods:
The study was performed in two stages: an initial screening (n = 8335) for alcohol consumption, followed by a structured psychiatric interview (n = 1054). The Masculinity/Femininity-Questionnaire was used as an indicator of gender identity. The final study group included 836 women.
Results:
Leadership, caring, self-assertiveness and emotionality were dimensions of gender identity found in a factor analysis. Low self-assertiveness, high emotionality and to some extent low leadership were associated with increased odds for having bipolar disorders, severe anxiety disorders and alcohol dependence and misuse. Low self-assertiveness and high emotionality were not only associated with alcohol dependence and misuse, but also with high episodic drinking.
Conclusions:
There was an association between some of the dimensions of gender identity and psychiatric disorders and alcohol consumption. Further attention is needed in both clinical work and research.
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