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Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...

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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

Published on: December 17, 2013

Gene expression in cloned bovine fetal liver.

A D Schrader¹, M J Iqbal, K L Jones

¹Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA.

Cloning and Stem Cells

|April 26, 2003

Summary

Nuclear transfer (NT) in cattle is inefficient, causing developmental issues. This study investigated differential gene expression in NT fetuses but found no significant gene expression differences in liver tissues.

Area of Science:

Animal Reproduction
Developmental Biology
Genetics

Background:

Nuclear transfer (NT) bypasses fertilization for gene propagation but suffers from low efficiency.
Common NT issues include large birth weights and physical abnormalities in organs like the liver, heart, and brain.
The underlying causes of these anomalies, potentially linked to nuclear reprogramming, remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

To detect and identify differential gene expression in the livers of nuclear transfer (NT) fetuses compared to embryo transfer (ET) derived fetuses.
To investigate the role of precise nuclear reprogramming in NT success rates.
To identify specific genes affected by the NT process in cattle.

Main Methods:

Established a non-clonal cell line from an Angus fetus for NT donor cells.

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Utilized Differential Display Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (ddRT-PCR) to screen for differentially expressed genes.

Sequenced identified Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) and verified gene expression via semi-quantitative RT-PCR.

Main Results:

Identified 39 potential differentially expressed genes/ESTs using ddRT-PCR.
Sequenced 23 Bos taurus ESTs and submitted them to GenBank.
Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of 15 genes did not reveal significant expression differences between NT and ET fetuses.

Conclusions:

While ddRT-PCR suggested potential differential gene expression, subsequent verification failed to confirm significant differences in liver tissues.
The study did not identify specific genes responsible for NT-associated anomalies in the analyzed liver samples.
Further research is needed to elucidate the genetic factors influencing nuclear reprogramming and developmental outcomes in nuclear transfer.