Effect of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase on the replication of encephalomyocarditis virus

Cellular phosphorylation events during viral infection are necessary for effective viral replication. Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus has been used for studies on the molecular mechanisms of viral replication, but little is known about the cellular signaling pathways involved. This investigation was initiated to determine whether mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which are central components of signal transduction pathways in the regulation of cell proliferation, play a role in the replication of EMC virus. We examined the phosphorylation of MAPKs, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), p38 MAPK, and stress-activated protein kinase 1/c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) in EMC virus-infected L929 cells and found that p38 MAPK and SAPK-JNK, but not ERK1/2, were activated during viral infection. We then examined the effect of these kinases on the replication of EMC virus in L929 cells by using specific inhibitors, including genistein or herbimycin A for tyrosine kinase, SB203580 or SB202190 for p38 MAPK, and PD98059 for ERK1/2. We found that the tyrosine kinase and p38 MAPK inhibitors, but not the ERK1/2 inhibitor, suppressed viral replication and that the inhibitory effect was primarily on viral protein synthesis. Finally, we examined whether p38 MAPK is involved in the translation of EMC viral transcripts by using L929 cells transfected with a gene construct containing the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) of EMC virus and a luciferase reporter gene. We found that the p38 MAPK inhibitor suppressed the translation of EMC viral RNA. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that p38 MAPK plays a critical role in the replication of EMC virus, probably in the translation of viral RNA.