Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 20, 2026

16:05
Large-Scale Screens of Metagenomic Libraries
Published on: May 28, 2007
Facile access to monodisperse ultralarge rings
Muhammad Raza Shah1, Stefan Duda, Beate Müller
1Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
Journal of the American Chemical Society
|May 2, 2003
Summary
Researchers developed a straightforward method to synthesize ultralarge monodisperse rings with 126, 174, and 294 atoms. This approach utilizes a carbonate covalent template, offering a novel route to macrocyclic compounds.
Area of Science:
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- Supramolecular Chemistry
- Organic Synthesis
Background:
- Synthesizing large monocyclic compounds presents significant challenges.
- Existing methods for [2]catenanes are not directly applicable to ultralarge rings.
- Covalent templating is a powerful strategy for macrocycle formation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a facile and efficient method for accessing ultralarge monodisperse rings.
- To adapt known [2]catenane synthesis strategies for macrocycle preparation.
- To utilize a carbonate intermediate as a covalent template.
Main Methods:
- A modified reaction sequence involving cyclization and carbonate formation.
- Employing a carbonate covalent template that is readily formed and cleaved.
- Characterization of the resulting monocyclic products.
Main Results:
- Successful synthesis of monodisperse ultralarge rings with 126, 174, and 294 ring atoms.
- The carbonate intermediate served effectively as a covalent template.
- The synthesized macrocycles are constitutional isomers of corresponding catenanes.
Conclusions:
- A versatile and accessible synthetic route to ultralarge monodisperse rings has been established.
- The carbonate templating strategy is effective for constructing complex macrocyclic architectures.
- This method provides access to novel constitutional isomers of catenanes.
Related Concept Videos
Enlargement of the Plasma Membrane
Cell division and enlargement are processes that require precise control. The control ensures that cell division cannot proceed unless the cell has grown to a specific size. A spherical, dividing cell requires an approximately 1.6X increase in its surface area to double its volume. The secretory pathway also has a significant role in cell membrane enlargement. Secretory vesicles that bud off from the Golgi apparatus and later fuse with the plasma membrane during exocytosis are a major source of...
The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane
The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting
A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns
When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy
Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) provides a better resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread function (PSF). PSF is the light intensity distribution from a point that causes it to appear blurred. Due to PSF, each fluorescing point appears bigger than its actual size, and it is the PSF interference of nearby fluorophores that causes the blurred image. Various approaches to achieving higher resolution through SRFM have recently been developed.
Pore Size Distribution
In concrete, the pore size distribution significantly influences the material's properties. Capillary pores, markedly larger than gel pores, form a vast network within partially hydrated cement paste, reducing the concrete's strength and increasing its permeability. This heightened permeability leads to a greater risk of damage from environmental factors like freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attacks, with the extent of vulnerability also being tied to the water-to-cement ratio.
Adequate...
Adequate...

