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Epigenetics and the environment.

Jessica E Sutherland1, Max Costa

  • 1Department of Environmental Medicine, The NYU Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10016, USA.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|May 2, 2003
PubMed
Summary
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Epigenetic changes, like DNA methylation and histone modification, are crucial in development and cancer. Environmental toxicants, such as nickel and arsenic, can disrupt these epigenetic processes, potentially leading to cancer.

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Epigenetics
  • Carcinogenesis

Background:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone modification, alter gene expression without changing DNA sequence.
  • These epigenetic processes are vital for normal development and implicated in diseases like cancer.
  • Environmental toxicants can induce epigenetic alterations, contributing to disease development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of epigenetic modifications in toxicant-induced carcinogenesis.
  • To investigate how specific carcinogens like nickel and arsenic affect DNA methylation and histone acetylation.
  • To highlight the importance of epigenetics in toxicology and the identification of novel toxicants.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on epigenetic alterations induced by environmental toxicants.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analysis of studies investigating nickel's effects on DNA methylation and histone acetylation.
  • Examination of research on arsenic metabolism and its potential impact on DNA methylation patterns.

    • Main Results:

    • Nickel, a human carcinogen, alters DNA methylation and histone acetylation, particularly near heterochromatin.
    • In yeast, nickel regulates gene expression via histone H4 acetylation, as DNA methylation is absent.
    • Arsenic metabolism may deplete methyl groups, potentially affecting DNA methylation; however, data on arsenic-induced DNA methylation changes are conflicting.

    Conclusions:

    • Epigenetic mechanisms are likely involved in toxicant-induced gene expression changes and carcinogenesis.
    • Nickel and arsenic serve as examples of carcinogens that can exert their effects through epigenetic disruption.
    • Increased toxicological focus on epigenetics is essential for identifying toxicants that operate via these pathways.