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Updated: Aug 6, 2026
11:14
Acute Brain Trauma in Mice Followed By Longitudinal Two-photon Imaging
Published on: April 6, 2014
[Trauma brain injury and apoptosis]
Wei-dong Shi1, Kong-bao Wang, Qi-sheng Qin
1People's Court of Qingdao, Qingdao 266071.
Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi
|May 3, 2003
Summary
Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is crucial after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Understanding its mechanisms and timing is key for forensic pathology and TBI research.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Cell Biology
- Forensic Pathology
Context:
- Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces complex cellular responses.
- Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a significant feature following TBI.
- Distinguishing apoptosis from necrosis is critical in TBI assessment.
Purpose:
- To review the evidence and features of apoptosis post-TBI.
- To explore the underlying mechanisms of neural cell apoptosis after TBI.
- To discuss the role and foreground of apoptosis research in forensic pathology.
Summary:
- Recent research highlights the critical role of apoptosis in TBI.
- Apoptosis exhibits distinct temporal and spatial characteristics compared to necrosis.
- Neural cells undergo apoptosis through multiple pathways subsequent to TBI.
Impact:
- Provides a comprehensive overview of apoptosis in TBI.
- Enhances understanding of TBI's cellular pathology.
- Informs forensic pathology practices and TBI research directions.
Related Concept Videos
01:30Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
01:17The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway
The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
01:31The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway
Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
01:17Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells
Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes.
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
01:22Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy
Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
01:28Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction
DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...