Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

35
Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
35
Dose Response Curve: Conventional Versus Nonmonotonic01:21

Dose Response Curve: Conventional Versus Nonmonotonic

54
The correlation between a drug's dosage and its impact on a biological system is a cornerstone of pharmacology and toxicology. Conventional dose–response curves, which include graded and quantal relationships, are key to this understanding. Graded dose–response curves depict the spectrum of a biological reaction to different doses within an individual, indicating that as the drug dosage increases, so does the intensity of the response. On the other hand, quantal dose–response...
54
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

36
Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
36
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

25
Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
25
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

29
Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
29
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

2.5K
When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
2.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

UV-B Resistance in <i>Artemia</i>: A Comparative Analysis Across Altitudinal Gradients, Development Stages, and Reproductive Modes.

Biology·2025
Same author

Understanding diurnal variability in organic matter processing by microalgal-bacterial granular sludge in lake water remediation.

Bioresource technology·2025
Same author

Impact of ibuprofen on microalgal-bacterial granular sludge: Metabolic pathways, functional gene responses and biodegradation mechanisms.

Journal of hazardous materials·2025
Same author

Removal efficiency and adaptive response mechanisms of microalgal-bacterial granular sludge in treating chloramphenicol-laden wastewater.

Journal of hazardous materials·2025
Same author

Evaluating the performance and stability of microalgal-bacterial granular sludge in municipal wastewater treatment plants.

Journal of environmental management·2024
Same author

Influence mechanism of sludge bed position on microalgal-bacterial granular sludge process.

The Science of the total environment·2023
Same journal

[The role of mitochondrial gluconeogenesis in de novo serine synthesis in mouse hepatocytes under high-selenium conditions].

Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research·2026
Same journal

[Establishment of a rat model of hepatointestinal injury induced by high-fat diet combined with dextran sulfate sodium].

Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research·2026
Same journal

[In vivo and in vitro antioxidant studies of anthocyanin-transgenic corn].

Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research·2026
Same journal

[Effects and Mechanisms of a multi-strain probiotic on the gut microbiota of healthy mice].

Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research·2026
Same journal

[Effects of extensively hydrolyzed protein formula on sensitization and gut microbiota in mice].

Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research·2026
Same journal

[Influence of nutritional composition and digestibility of different oat products on their glycemic index].

Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Developmental Toxicity Assay Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Fibroblast Growth Factor Signal Disruption in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
05:45

Developmental Toxicity Assay Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Fibroblast Growth Factor Signal Disruption in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: October 10, 2025

568

[A new toxicological concept-acute reference dose].

Zhiwei Liu1, Bingheng Chen

  • 1School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.

Wei Sheng Yan Jiu = Journal of Hygiene Research
|May 7, 2003
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acute Reference Dose (ARfD) is a key concept for evaluating short-term chemical exposure risks. This review explains the principles and methods used to establish ARfD values for consumer safety.

More Related Videos

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure
08:25

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure

Published on: June 5, 2020

7.3K
Assessment of the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Airborne Particles by Exposing Cultivated Human Lung Cells at the Air-Liquid Interface
10:10

Assessment of the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Airborne Particles by Exposing Cultivated Human Lung Cells at the Air-Liquid Interface

Published on: February 23, 2020

7.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Developmental Toxicity Assay Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Fibroblast Growth Factor Signal Disruption in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
05:45

Developmental Toxicity Assay Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Fibroblast Growth Factor Signal Disruption in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: October 10, 2025

568
Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure
08:25

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure

Published on: June 5, 2020

7.3K
Assessment of the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Airborne Particles by Exposing Cultivated Human Lung Cells at the Air-Liquid Interface
10:10

Assessment of the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Airborne Particles by Exposing Cultivated Human Lung Cells at the Air-Liquid Interface

Published on: February 23, 2020

7.6K

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Toxicology
  • Risk Assessment Science
  • Chemical Safety Evaluation

Context:

  • Acute Reference Dose (ARfD) is a crucial metric for assessing health risks from short-term exposure to environmental chemicals.
  • Understanding ARfD is vital for regulatory bodies and public health organizations.
  • The concept of ARfD is distinct from Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) and other reference doses.

Purpose:

  • To elucidate the principles and methodologies behind establishing Acute Reference Dose (ARfD) values.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of ARfD in the context of toxicology and risk assessment.
  • To differentiate ARfD from related toxicological metrics like ADI.

Summary:

  • ARfD is defined as the maximum daily intake of a substance, expressed on a body weight basis (mg/kg body weight), that can be ingested over a short period without appreciable health risk.
  • It specifically addresses risks from single or short-term exposures, typically within a day or one meal.
  • The review details the scientific basis and practical application of ARfD calculations.

Impact:

  • Enhances the scientific basis for evaluating chemical safety in food and drinking water.
  • Provides a clearer framework for risk assessors to determine safe short-term exposure levels.
  • Contributes to improved consumer protection against potential health effects of environmental contaminants.