The effect of smoking and caffeine on the fetus and placenta in pregnancy

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of tobacco use and consumption of caffeine in pregnancy on the fetus and placenta by measuring the body weights, head circumferences, and lengths of newborns, and also weights and diameters of placentas. In this prospective study, two main groups were chosen for the study: Group I: A total of 63 pregnant non-smokers; were separated into two subgroups according to their daily caffeine intake; less than 300 mg (Ia) (n = 44), and more than 300 mg (Ib) (n = 19). Group II: 60 pregnant smokers were also separated into two subgroups; daily caffeine intake less than 300 mg (IIa) (n = 43), and more than 300 mg (IIb) (n = 17). The newborns and placentas of both groups were examined. The body weights, lengths, and head circumferences of newborns and also weights and diameters of placentas were measured. The pregnant non-smokers consuming caffeine more than 300 mg/day had statistically significant lower weights of newborns and placentas (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between groups according to the lengths, head circumferences of newborns and diameters of placentas. There were significantly lower body weights of newborns and placentas in pregnant smokers (p < 0.05). There was no difference according to the diameters of placentas, and lengths and head circumferences of newborns in either group. In conclusion, it is suggested that smoking in pregnancy should be prevented both for the health of newborns and mothers, and also caffeine including beverages like tea and coffee should be limited in pregnancy.