Evaluation of bladder dysfunction

A careful and detailed history and physical examination can give clues to a neurogenic bladder disturbance. Urine analysis should always be performed to exclude urinary tract infection. The most important basic investigation is ultrasound of the kidneys and of residual urine. If these investigations reveal suspicion of a dysfunction, elaborate urological investigation, including cystoscopy and urodynamic studies, is necessary for classification and appropriate therapy of a neurogeneous vesicourethral disorder.