Variation in upper arm length and forarm length in normal British girls: photogrammetric standards

A photographic measuring technique has been used to study the lengths of the upper arm and forearm in normal British girls. The data are presented graphically, and show: 1. Ellipses which include 97 per cent of normal subjects when upper arm length is plotted against forearm length. 2. Variation of upper arm length and forearm length according to age. 3. Variation of upper arm length in relation to forearm length, irrespective of age. 4. Variation of upper arm length and forearm length in relation to sitting height, irrespective of age. The charts collectively provide a means of defining the exact nature of abnormalities of growth in the arms or of differences between populations. They provide a new aid to the classification of disorders involving abnormal growth of the arms.