Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 26, 2026

Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning: A Neuroprotective Technique in Rodents
Published on: June 2, 2015
Adenosine-activated myocardial ischemia does not induce delayed preconditioning
Zenon Gawor1, Andrzej Granosik, Włodzimierz Grabowicz
1Department of Cardiology, 2nd University Hospital, Łódź, Poland. kardiolog@skwan.lodz.pl
Background:
Our objective was to determine whether adenosine-induced ischemia exerts a delayed cardiac protective effect in patients with stable effort angina ischemic heart disease.
Material/Methods:
The study group was comprised of 32 patients (men) with symptoms of stable effort angina, aged 38-65 years (Group 1), and 18 clinically healthy subjects (3 women, 15 men), aged 35-55 years (Control group). The study protocol included baseline ECG and treadmill echocardiogram (ET1); ECG and adenosine echocardiogram performed 7 days after ET1; repeated exercise test exactly 24 h after adenosine infusion (ET2). Increases in heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, maximum ST-segment depression (max IST) and total ST-segment depression (SIST) on ECG were compared, as well as left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), end-systolic (LVESV) volume, ejection fraction (EF), and wall motion synergy index (WMSI).
Results:
No statistically significant differences were found in the increased values of the investigated electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters in either group on either exercise test. The only positive trend was observed in LVEDV. In Group 1 LVEDV increased significantly from rest values during ET1, whereas during ET2 LVEDV did not change.
Conclusions:
Adenosine-induced ischemia does not exert a delayed protective effect in respect to cardiac bioelectrical and mechanical functions in patients with ischemic heart disease in the form of stable effort angina.
Related Concept Videos
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class III Agents as Potassium Channel Blockers
Exercise and Cardiovascular Response
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...
Cardiac Action Potential
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Mechanism of Action
Reversible inhibitors like edrophonium bind to a specific part of the enzyme called the anionic catalytic site. They form noncovalent bonds, which means they are not strongly attached to the enzyme. This creates a temporary and less stable enzyme–inhibitor complex, leading to...
Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis
Several...
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers

