Interaction of dendrimers (artificial proteins) with biological hydroxyapatite crystals

This investigation sets out to mimic protein-crystal interaction during biomineralization with the use of artificial proteins (dendrimers). It is hypothesized that these interactions depend on the surface charge of hydroxyapatite crystals. This was investigated with the use of dendrimers with capped surfaces of different charges to probe the surface. We used AFM images of crystal-bound dendrimers to determine the distribution of the surface charge, and its magnitude was correlated to the binding capacity of the dendrimers to the surface. The binding capacity of the dendrimers in ascending order at pH 7.4 was: acetamide-capped, -NHC(O)CH3, neutral charge; carboxylic-acid-capped, -COOH, negative charge; and amine-capped, -NH2, positive charge. AFM images of the crystals showed dendrimers spaced equally along the crystal. The results suggest that the crystal surface has alternating bands of positive and negative charge or a differential charge array, i.e., alternating bands of either more or less positive or negative charge.