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Evolving role of bivalirudin in percutaneous coronary interventions; impact of the REPLACE-2 study
1Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar. amaramin@yahoo.com
Insights
Bivalirudin offers comparable protection to heparin during percutaneous coronary interventions, with fewer bleeding risks. This direct thrombin inhibitor is a safe alternative, especially when used with selective platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade.
Area of Science:
- Interventional Cardiology
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology
Background:
- Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) are common for coronary heart disease.
- Acute thrombotic complications are a major PCI limitation.
- Unfractionated heparin, the standard anticoagulant, has limitations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate bivalirudin's efficacy and safety in current PCI practice.
- To compare bivalirudin with heparin in the era of routine GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors and stents.
Main Methods:
- The REPLACE-2 study compared bivalirudin with heparin.
- Bivalirudin was used with provisional GP IIb/IIIa blockade.
- Heparin was used with routine GP IIb/IIIa blockade.
Main Results:
- Bivalirudin provided equivalent protection from ischaemic events compared to heparin.
- Bivalirudin showed advantages in reduced bleeding complications.
- Bivalirudin demonstrated ease of use and reduced costs.
Conclusions:
- Bivalirudin is a viable alternative to heparin in current PCI practice.
- Selective GP IIb/IIIa blockade with bivalirudin is effective.
- Bivalirudin offers benefits in bleeding, cost, and usability.
Abstract:
Percutaneous coronary interventions are being used with increasing frequency nowadays for the treatment of patients with coronary heart disease. Acute thrombotic complications remain one of the major limitations of these procedures for which unfractionated heparin has been the standard foundation anticoagulant. It has, however, many limitations and disadvantages that necessitated research and development of alternative anticoagulant therapies. The direct thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin has been approved as a substitute for heparin in patients undergoing angioplasty for unstable angina based on data in higher-risk patients where bivalirudin resulted in lower rates of ischaemic and bleeding complications compared to heparin. This evidence was collected prior to the widespread use of platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor blockers, thienopyridines and intracoronary stents, considered standard practice for such patients today. The REPLACE-2 study was carried out to establish whether, in the current era, bivalirudin used with provisional GP IIb/IIIa blockade if necessary during the procedure could provide equivalent protection from ischaemic events compared with the gold standard of heparin plus routine GP IIb/IIIa blockade. With advantages with regards to bleeding, ease of use and reduced cost, bivalirudin use with provisional GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in low-to-moderate risk percutaneous coronary interventions allows GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists to be used in a selective fashion, rather than in all patients. In this article, background rationale for bivalirudin use in this setting is reviewed as well as past research in this area. Additionally, the implications of the REPLACE-2 study in establishing where bivalirudin fits into our current interventional cardiology practice and future directions are presented.