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Related Concept Videos

pH01:24

pH

The potential of hydrogen (pH) is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a water-based solution determined by the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+). In one liter of pure water at neutral pH, there are 1×10−7 moles of hydronium ions. However, the extensive range of hydronium ion concentrations present in water-based solutions makes measuring pH in moles cumbersome. Therefore, a pH scale was developed to convert moles of hydronium ions into the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion...
Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
Acid Strength and Molecular Structure03:05

Acid Strength and Molecular Structure

Binary Acids and Bases
In the absence of any leveling effect, the acid strength of binary compounds of hydrogen with nonmetals (A) increases as the H-A bond strength decreases down a group in the periodic table. For group 17, the order of increasing acidity is HF < HCl < HBr < HI. Likewise, for group 16, the order of increasing acid strength is H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te. Across a row in the periodic table, the acid strength of binary hydrogen compounds increases with increasing...
pH01:24

pH

The potential of hydrogen (pH) is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a water-based solution determined by the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+). In one liter of pure water at neutral pH, there are 1×10−7 moles of hydronium ions. However, the extensive range of hydronium ion concentrations present in water-based solutions makes measuring pH in moles cumbersome. Therefore, a pH scale was developed to convert moles of hydronium ions into the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion...
Acid&#8211;Base Equilibria: Activity-Based Definition of pH01:10

Acid–Base Equilibria: Activity-Based Definition of pH

For an ideal solution, the pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. For a non-ideal solution, an accurate measurement of the pH must consider the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity rather than concentration. In such a solution, the pH can be more accurately defined as the negative logarithm of a product of the hydrogen ion concentration and its activity coefficient.
In solutions of very low ionic strength—for example, pure water—the activity...
Mixtures of Acids01:19

Mixtures of Acids

The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending on the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
In a strong and weak acid mixture, the strong acid dissociates completely and becomes a source of almost all the hydronium ions present in the solution. In contrast, the weak acid shows...

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Direct Analysis of Single Cells by Mass Spectrometry at Atmospheric Pressure
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Published on: September 4, 2010

A free, tricoordinate stannylium cation.

Joseph B Lambert1, Lijun Lin, Shahar Keinan

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 6, 2003
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals a stable, free tricoordinate tin cation, Tris(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)stannylium, confirmed by X-ray and DFT methods. The research clarifies its unique structure and bonding, advancing organotin chemistry.

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Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Tricoordinate tin cations are rare and highly reactive species.
  • Understanding their structure and bonding is crucial for developing new synthetic methodologies.
  • Previous studies have often involved transient or solvated tin cations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a stable, free tricoordinate tin cation.
  • To elucidate the structural and electronic properties of the Tris(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)stannylium cation.
  • To investigate potential agostic interactions and confirm the cation's electronic structure.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction to determine the precise atomic arrangement.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations for structural and electronic analysis.
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, specifically 119Sn NMR, to probe the tin environment.

Main Results:

  • The X-ray structure confirmed a free, tricoordinate tin cation with no solvent or counteranion coordination.
  • DFT calculations supported the observed structure and ruled out agostic bonding between isopropyl groups and the tin atom.
  • The calculated 119Sn chemical shift showed excellent agreement with the experimental value, validating the electronic structure.

Conclusions:

  • Tris(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)stannylium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate represents a rare example of a stable, isolable tricoordinate tin cation.
  • The bulky triisopropylphenyl groups effectively shield the tin center, preventing unwanted coordination.
  • This work provides valuable insights into the fundamental chemistry of hypervalent organotin compounds.