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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
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X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
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Ion-Exchange Chromatography01:09

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 26, 2026

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering
07:19

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Published on: November 5, 2018

Counterion distribution around DNA probed by solution X-ray scattering.

R Das1, T T Mills, L W Kwok

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|June 6, 2003
PubMed
Summary

This study quantifies counterion atmospheres around DNA using X-ray scattering. Researchers precisely measured ion distribution, enabling direct validation of atomic-scale models for biopolymers.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Structural Biology
  • X-ray Scattering

Background:

  • Counterion atmospheres significantly influence charged biopolymers' properties and functions.
  • Experimental quantification of these atmospheres has been challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally probe monovalent and divalent counterion atmospheres around DNA double helices.
  • To enable quantitative testing of atomic-scale models of counterion distributions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques.
  • Employed anomalous (resonant) X-ray scattering to modulate ion scattering factors.
  • Changed ion identities to isolate the counterion scattering signal.

Main Results:

  • Direct measurements of the scattering signal from ion spatial correlation to DNA were achieved.
  • The data quality allows for the first quantitative validation of extended counterion distributions.
  • Provided insights into ion-DNA interactions.

Conclusions:

  • This method offers a new way to experimentally quantify counterion atmospheres.
  • Enables rigorous testing of computational models for biopolymer-ion systems.
  • Advances understanding of DNA's physical and biological behavior.