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Updated: Aug 9, 2026
Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)
Published on: January 24, 2011
Procaine impairs learning and memory consolidation in the honeybee
D Müller1, D Staffelt, A Fiala
1Institut für Biologie-Neurobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 28/30, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. mmdmueller@gmx.de
Abstract:
In vertebrates local anaesthetics lead to various learning deficits, depending on the site and time of injection. In this study we show the effects of the local anaesthetic procaine on learning and memory in an invertebrate, the honeybee. Reversible blocking of neuronal processes leads to different memory deficits depending on the time window during which the local anaesthesia is in effect.
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