The ligand for c-kit, stem cell factor, stimulates the circulation of cells that engraft lethally irradiated baboons

Recombinant human stem cell factor (SCF), the ligand for c-kit, has been shown to stimulate increased numbers of hematopoietic progenitor cells of multiple types to circulate in the blood of baboons, but it was not known if the cells stimulated to circulate by SCF contained cells capable of engrafting and rescuing lethally irradiated baboons. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) were collected by leukapheresis from four untreated control baboons and from three baboons on the 10th or 11th day of treatment with SCF (200 micrograms/kg/d). All animals were transplanted with 1.00 to 1.04 x 10(8)/kg of cryopreserved autologous PBMNC after treatment with a single dose of 1,020 cGy total body irradiation (TBI). Three animals were transplanted with PBMNC that had been collected during SCF treatment, 24 to 38 days after the last dose of SCF. Rapid trilineage engraftment was documented by bone marrow biopsy in all three. The mean time to a total white blood cell count (WBC) > or = 500/microL, WBC > or = 1,000/microL, and an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) > or = 500/microL was 15 +/- 3 (mean +/- SD), 19 +/- 1, and 19 +/- 2 days, respectively. Two animals remain alive with stable engraftment more than 180 and 245 days posttransplant. The third died of sepsis 32 days posttransplant with a hypercellular marrow showing trilineage engraftment. The surviving animals were transfusion independent by 10 and 59 days posttransplant. Four control animals were transplanted with PBMNC collected in the absence of SCF stimulation. One was treated for 11 days with SCF (200 micrograms/kg/d) after PBMNC were collected. This animal was transplanted 25 days after the last dose of SCF. None of the four control animals engrafted and they died 13, 16, 28, and 38 days posttransplant with marrow aplasia. Treatment with SCF stimulates the circulation of cells that engraft and rescue lethally irradiated baboons. The characteristics of the transplantable cells present in the circulation are now amenable to direct study.