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Related Concept Videos

The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this nitrogen...
Plane Potential Flows01:23

Plane Potential Flows

Plane potential flows simplify fluid motion by assuming the fluid to be irrotational and incompressible. These characteristics allow these flows to be described by a velocity potential function, ϕ, representing the flow speed in a given direction, and a stream function, ψ, that visualizes the flow path, both governed by Laplace's equation. These parameters help in estimating flow patterns, velocity distributions, and pressure fields around various hydraulic structures.
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Gradually Varying Flow01:29

Gradually Varying Flow

Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
Microbes and the Nitrogen Cycle01:26

Microbes and the Nitrogen Cycle

The nitrogen cycle is a complex biogeochemical process critical to maintaining the balance of nitrogenous compounds in ecosystems. This cycle involves multiple microbial-mediated transformations through which nitrogen changes oxidation states, supporting essential ecological functions and contributing to plant and microbial growth.Nitrogen Fixation and AmmonificationNitrogen fixation initiates the cycle by converting inert atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into bioavailable ammonia (NH₃), a process...
Microbial Wastewater Treatment01:30

Microbial Wastewater Treatment

Microbial communities in aquatic ecosystems play a key role in the natural breakdown of contaminants introduced through domestic and industrial effluents. Acting as biological catalysts, these microbes change and mineralize a wide range of organic and inorganic pollutants under different redox conditions.In oxygen-rich surface waters, aerobic heterotrophs lead organic matter breakdown, using oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor to efficiently oxidize substrates to carbon dioxide and water.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems
09:38

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Published on: October 29, 2016

Surface and subsurface nitrate flow pathways on a watershed scale.

C S Daughtry1, T J Gish, W P Dulaney

  • 1USDA-ARS Hydrology and Remote Sensing laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. cdaughtry@hydralab.arsusda.gov

Thescientificworldjournal
|June 14, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Understanding subsurface soil structure is key to predicting environmental impacts from surface runoff and subsurface flow. Ground penetrating radar revealed hidden flow pathways influencing nitrate runoff, even with similar soil types.

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

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08:05

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Published on: October 7, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Environmental science
  • Hydrology
  • Soil science

Background:

  • Characterizing watershed-scale subsurface soil structures is crucial for understanding surface and subsurface flow impacts.
  • Previous studies lacked methods to effectively map subsurface hydrology on a large scale.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of subsurface hydrology in explaining differences in nitrate runoff.
  • To demonstrate how subsurface stratigraphy affects water and nitrate fluxes from agricultural lands.

Main Methods:

  • Ground penetrating radar (GPR) data collection and analysis.
  • Integration of GPR data with surface topography in a geographic information system (GIS).
  • Confirmation of subsurface flow pathways using color infrared imagery, soil moisture, and yield monitoring.

Main Results:

  • Subsurface hydrology, characterized by discrete flow pathways, explained significant variations in nitrate runoff.
  • One watershed with higher surface slope showed 18 times greater nitrate runoff, attributed to subsurface features.
  • Identified subsurface flow patterns correlated with nitrate levels entering streams and wetlands.

Conclusions:

  • Subsurface stratigraphy significantly impacts water and nitrate (NO3-N) fluxes from agricultural lands.
  • Knowledge of subsurface hydrology is essential for accurate environmental impact assessments.
  • Development of reliable protocols for measuring subsurface fluxes is needed.