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Updated: Sep 25, 2026

Percutaneous Contrast Echocardiography-guided Intramyocardial Injection and Cell Delivery in a Large Preclinical Model
Published on: January 21, 2018
[Update cardiology 2001/2002-part II. From unstable coronary syndrome to terminal heart failure]
1Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie/Angiologie), Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes, Hamburg/Saar. fries@med-in.uni-saarland.de
Insights
This review details advances in cardiovascular disease management, covering acute coronary syndromes, heart failure, arrhythmias, and stroke. It highlights key therapies and their impact on the cardiovascular continuum.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Cardiovascular Medicine
- Internal Medicine
Background:
- The cardiovascular continuum links risk factors to atherosclerosis, acute events, and heart failure.
- Therapeutic progress is being made across various cardiovascular conditions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review recent advances in the therapy of acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, arrhythmias, and stroke.
- To detail specific therapeutic strategies and their implications.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of current therapeutic options and clinical outcomes.
- Synthesis of information on pharmacological and interventional treatments.
- Discussion of emerging concepts like cardiac regeneration.
Main Results:
- Statins, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and dual antiplatelet therapy are crucial for unstable coronary syndromes.
- Management of hypertensive pulmonary edema, cardiac regeneration, and advanced heart failure therapies are discussed.
- Ablation for atrial fibrillation, implantable defibrillators for primary prevention, and stroke management in patent foramen ovale are detailed.
Conclusions:
- Significant therapeutic advancements improve outcomes along the cardiovascular continuum.
- Personalized treatment strategies are essential for managing complex cardiovascular diseases.
- Further research into cardiac regeneration and stroke prevention is warranted.
Abstract:
The cardiovascular continuum describes the way from risk factors to atherosclerosis, acute cardiovascular events (unstable angina and myocardial infarction), and development of terminal heart failure and its complications. Following this way, advances are reported in the therapy of acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, ventricular and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, and stroke in patients with patent foramen ovale. The following issues are reported in detail: (1) significance of statins and statin withdrawal, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blocker, acute coronary interventions, aspirin and clopidogrel in unstable coronary syndromes, (2) pathogenesis of acute pulmonary edema associated with hypertension, (3) cardiac regeneration capability after transplantation and myocardial infarction, (4) beta-blocker therapy, efficacy of additional angiotensin receptor blocker therapy and multisite biventricular pacing in symptomatic (advanced) heart failure, (5) prognosis after ablation of the atrioventricular node in patients with atrial fibrillation, (6) primary prevention with an implantable defibrillator and resumption of driving after implantation, and (7) therapeutic options after cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale.
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