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Automatic gain control in the echolocation system of dolphins.

Whitlow W L Au1, Kelly J Benoit-Bird

  • 1Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, PO Box 1106, Kailua, Hawaii 96734, USA. wau@hawaii.edu

Nature
|June 20, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Dolphins use a unique automatic gain control in their echolocation by adjusting transmission amplitude, not receiver gain. This compensates for acoustic loss, ensuring consistent echoes from targets like fish schools.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Bioacoustics
  • Animal Sonar

Background:

  • Bats and technological sonars use receiver gain control to manage acoustic propagation loss.
  • Dolphin echolocation was previously thought to lack automatic gain control mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and mechanism of automatic gain control in free-ranging echolocating dolphins.
  • To challenge the existing understanding of dolphin sonar systems.

Main Methods:

  • Field measurements were conducted on free-ranging dolphins.
  • Echolocation signal amplitudes were analyzed in relation to target range.

Main Results:

  • Dolphins possess an automatic gain control mechanism.
  • This control is applied during signal transmission, not reception.
  • Echolocation signal amplitude increases with target range (R) in a 20 log(R) pattern.
  • Echoes from fish schools remain constant as the dolphin approaches, mimicking time-varying gain.

Conclusions:

  • Dolphin echolocation employs a transmission-based automatic gain control to compensate for acoustic propagation loss.
  • This mechanism ensures consistent echo intensity from targets, similar to artificial sonar systems.