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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
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Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 25, 2026

Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination
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Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination

Published on: June 2, 2016

Modern veterinary vaccines and the Shaman's apprentice.

Philip B Carter1, L E Carmichael

  • 1College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8401, USA. philip_carter@ncsu.edu

Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|June 24, 2003
PubMed
Summary

This review assesses new veterinary vaccines, highlighting significant variability in safety and efficacy, particularly for companion animals. An international advisory committee is proposed to guide vaccine use and professional understanding.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Veterinary vaccines are crucial for animal health in both food and companion animals.
  • The development of new commercial veterinary vaccines requires critical assessment within a historical framework.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview and critical evaluation of newly available commercial veterinary vaccines.
  • To assess the current landscape and future prospects of veterinary vaccine development.
  • To address concerns regarding safety and efficacy in existing veterinary vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and critical assessment of commercially available veterinary vaccines.
  • Historical contextualization of vaccine development and application.
  • Analysis of safety and efficacy data for veterinary vaccines.

Main Results:

  • Significant variability exists in the safety and sustained efficacy of current veterinary vaccines.
  • Vaccines for companion animals exhibit notable inconsistencies in performance.
  • The field of veterinary vaccinology shows promise for future advancements.

Conclusions:

  • There is a need for rigorous evaluation of veterinary vaccine safety and efficacy.
  • An international vaccine advisory committee could enhance professional knowledge and guidance on vaccine use.
  • Continued research and development are essential for improving veterinary vaccines.