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Updated: Aug 10, 2026
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Multi-Scale Modification of Metallic Implants With Pore Gradients, Polyelectrolytes and Their Indirect Monitoring In vivo
Published on: July 1, 2013
[Experience with orbital implants in particular with porous hydroxyapatite materials]
A G Norda1, H-W Meyer-Rüsenberg
1St.-Josefs-Hospital, Hagen, Augenklinik der Universität Witten-Herdecke. agnorda@addcom.de
Summary
Hydroxyapatite orbital implants show low extrusion rates and good patient tolerance. Further research is needed for dynamic infant orbital volume replenishment.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Biomaterials Science
- Surgical Implants
Background:
- Since 1985, various porous orbital implant materials have been developed, mimicking coralline structures.
- Hydroxyapatite implants, first used in 1985, offer a porous structure similar to natural bone.
Purpose of the Study:
- To present clinical experience with hydroxyapatite orbital implants from 1993 to 2003.
- To compare clinical outcomes of hydroxyapatite implants with other porous orbital implants in scientific literature.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of 357 patients over 10 years.
- Review of international scientific literature on porous orbital implants.
Main Results:
- Original hydroxyapatite implants exhibit rare extrusion (2.6%) and high subjective tolerance (71.2%).
- Synthetic hydroxyapatite (FCI3) shows comparable safety and tolerance to original implants.
- Aluminum oxide and hydroxyapatite ceramics offer alternatives; porous polyethylene is economical but less comparable.
- Protective coverings are recommended for most implants to prevent extrusion and aid muscle suturing.
Conclusions:
- Hydroxyapatite orbital implants are well-tolerated with low extrusion rates.
- Newer synthetic and ceramic materials offer viable alternatives.
- Addressing dynamic volume replenishment in infant anophthalmos requires further research.
