Inhibition of sodium-dependent transport systems in LLC-PK1 cells by metabolites of ifosfamide
M Mohrmann1, A Pauli, M Ritzer
1Kinderklinik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, BRD.
Abstract:
Ifosfamide (IF) is an alkylating cytostatic derived from nitrogen mustard. In addition to its well-known urotoxic effects (hemorrhagic cystitis), several cases of Fanconi syndrome following IF therapy have been reported. No information is available concerning the pathomechanisms of this tubulotoxicity. We used the permanent renal epithelial cell line LLC-PK1 in order to investigate whether major metabolites of IF (i.e. 4-OH-IF, acrolein and chloracetyldehyde) induced the transport defects most frequently detected after IF therapy in vivo. LLC-PK1 cells of passages 162-177, grown in plastic culture dishes, were used in a confluent state. Sodium-dependent and independent fluxes of l-[3H]alanine and of D-[3H]glucose were determined by standard techniques. Activities of marker enzymes of apical and basolateral membranes, of mitochondria and of endoplasmic reticulum were determined in cell homogenates. IF itself has no detectable effect on fluxes of l-alanine and D-glucose in LLC-PK1 cells. The IF metabolite 4-OOH-IF induces a clear inhibition of sodium-dependent fluxes of both substrates after a 24-hour exposure of cells to 100 mumol/l of 4-OOH-IF. Chloracetaldehyde induces a biphasic response of sodium-dependent fluxes of l-alanine with increased uptake rates at low concentrations (< 200 mumol/l) and with a short incubation time, while higher concentrations and long exposure of the cells leads to a reduction in sodium coupled transport. Glucose transport is affected in a comparable way, however, in contrast to alanine transport, chloracetaldehyde also stimulates sodium-independent fluxes of glucose. Acrolein is the most toxic substance tested. It severely damages cell monolayers at concentrations beyond 75 mumol/l. Sodium-coupled glucose and alanine transport is inhibited by acrolein at concentrations higher than 50 mumol/l. Sodium-coupled glucose transport is more sensitive to all metabolites tested than alanine transport. While acrolein strongly affects both transport systems, marker enzymes of the apical plasma membrane, i.e. alkaline phosphatase and leucine amino-peptidase, are not significantly inhibited, suggesting a specificity of the toxic effect for the transport proteins. We conclude that LLC-PK1 cells represent a good model for further investigation of the pathogenesis of Fanconi syndrome after IF therapy. Sodium-dependent transport systems are more sensitive to acrolein than other cell surface proteins.
Insights
Ifosfamide metabolites, not the parent drug, cause kidney tubule damage by inhibiting essential nutrient transport. Acrolein is the most toxic, affecting glucose and alanine transport in renal cells.
Area of Science:
- Nephrology
- Toxicology
- Cell Biology
Background:
- Ifosfamide (IF) is an alkylating cytostatic agent used in cancer therapy.
- IF is associated with urotoxic effects and Fanconi syndrome, a kidney tubule disorder.
- The mechanisms underlying IF-induced tubulotoxicity remain unclear.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the tubulotoxic effects of major Ifosfamide metabolites on renal epithelial cells.
- To determine if metabolites like 4-OH-IF, acrolein, and chloracetaldehyde induce transport defects observed in Fanconi syndrome.
- To utilize the LLC-PK1 cell line as a model for studying IF-induced nephrotoxicity.
Main Methods:
- Cultured LLC-PK1 renal epithelial cells were exposed to Ifosfamide metabolites (4-OH-IF, acrolein, chloracetaldehyde).
- Sodium-dependent and independent fluxes of l-alanine and D-glucose were measured.
- Enzyme activities of cellular membranes and mitochondria were assessed.
Main Results:
- Ifosfamide itself did not affect nutrient transport.
- 4-OH-IF inhibited sodium-dependent alanine and glucose transport.
- Chloracetaldehyde showed biphasic effects on alanine transport and stimulated glucose transport at low concentrations.
- Acrolein was highly toxic, inhibiting both alanine and glucose transport, with glucose transport being more sensitive.
- Toxic effects appeared specific to transport proteins, as membrane enzyme activities were largely unaffected.
Conclusions:
- Ifosfamide metabolites, particularly acrolein, are responsible for the observed tubulotoxicity and transport defects.
- LLC-PK1 cells serve as a valuable model for elucidating the pathogenesis of Ifosfamide-induced Fanconi syndrome.
- Sodium-dependent transport systems are particularly vulnerable to acrolein toxicity.
