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Apoptosis: programmed cell death at a molecular level.

Duane R Schultz1, William J Harrington

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.

Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism
|July 2, 2003
PubMed
Summary
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Apoptosis, programmed cell death, involves two main pathways: the extrinsic TNF receptor pathway and the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Understanding apoptosis is key to treating diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a fundamental biological process essential for development and tissue homeostasis.
  • Dysregulation of apoptosis is implicated in various pathologies, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the molecular components and pathways of apoptosis.
  • To describe the role of apoptosis in disease and viral evasion strategies.
  • To review methods for studying cell death.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of extrinsic (TNF receptor superfamily) and intrinsic (mitochondria-associated) apoptotic pathways.
  • Analysis of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl)-2 family proteins and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF)-kappaB signaling.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Examination of methods for distinguishing apoptosis from necrosis and viral interference strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • Two major apoptosis pathways identified: extrinsic (ligand-induced receptor trimerization) and intrinsic (mitochondrial release of factors like cytochrome c).
    • Activation of caspases leads to characteristic DNA fragmentation; Bcl-2 family proteins regulate mitochondrial pathway.
    • Dendritic cells phagocytose apoptotic cells, with phosphatidylserine acting as a key recognition signal.

    Conclusions:

    • Balanced apoptosis is critical for multicellular organism development and homeostasis.
    • Further research into molecular control of apoptosis may yield novel therapeutic strategies for diseases.
    • Significant questions remain regarding the clinical application of modulating apoptotic pathways.