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Immunostimulation in crustaceans: does it really protect against infection?
Valerie J Smith1, Janet H Brown, Chris Hauton
1Gatty Marine Laboratory, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, Scotland, UK. vjs1@st-andrews.ac.uk
Fish & Shellfish Immunology
|July 2, 2003
Summary
Disease control in crustacean aquaculture needs alternatives to chemicals. This review questions the effectiveness and safety of current immune-stimulating agents, advocating for rigorous testing and new strategies.
Area of Science:
- Aquaculture
- Immunology
- Marine Biology
Background:
- Growing need for disease control in crustacean farming without antibiotics or chemicals.
- Interest in immune-stimulating agents (e.g., glucans, LPS, killed bacteria) for disease protection in shellfish.
- Current agents are investigated for their in vitro effects on crustacean immune systems.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review disease control strategies in crustacean aquaculture.
- To analyze the efficacy and validity of immune-stimulating compounds.
- To discuss risks associated with current agents and propose future research directions.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of published studies on immune stimulants in crustaceans.
- Analysis of the claimed positive impacts on immunity and disease resistance.
- Evaluation of cost-effectiveness and long-term protection.
Main Results:
- Many published studies show questionable value of current immune stimulants for cost-effective aquaculture disease control.
- Concerns exist regarding long-lasting protection in both adult and juvenile crustaceans.
- Potential risks to stock animal well-being from repeated use of these agents.
Conclusions:
- Rigorous testing of immune stimulants at gene, protein, and functional levels is essential.
- Alternative strategies for disease control in aquaculture require consideration.
- The current reliance on immune stimulants may not be a sustainable or effective long-term solution.