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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals
09:27

New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals

Published on: May 30, 2013

HIV vaccines 1983-2003.

Andrew J McMichael1, Tomas Hanke

  • 1MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9D5, UK. andrew.mcmichael@imm.ox.ac.uk

Nature Medicine
|July 2, 2003
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Despite decades of research, an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine remains elusive. Recent trials failed, but over 20 T-cell-focused HIV vaccines are in development.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Despite 20 years of research following the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), an effective vaccine is still unavailable.
  • A recent phase 3 trial of an envelope vaccine, designed to elicit neutralizing antibodies, did not protect against HIV infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the current status and future prospects of HIV vaccine development.
  • To discuss the potential of T-cell-mediated immunity in combating HIV infection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent HIV vaccine trial outcomes.
  • Analysis of ongoing vaccine development pipelines focusing on T-cell responses.

Main Results:

  • An envelope-based HIV vaccine failed to demonstrate efficacy in phase 3 clinical trials.
  • More than 20 novel HIV vaccine candidates targeting T-cell responses are currently under development.

Conclusions:

  • The development of an effective HIV vaccine faces significant challenges.
  • Future HIV vaccine strategies may rely on stimulating robust T-cell-mediated immunity rather than solely on neutralizing antibodies.