Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

4.1K
Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
4.1K
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

5.8K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
5.8K
Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

6.9K
Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure...
6.9K
Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators01:23

Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators

2.5K
Vasodilators, primarily affecting the smooth muscles within arterial and venous walls, are commonly used for hypertension treatment. Medications such as minoxidil and hydralazine primarily target arteries and arterioles, while sodium nitroprusside acts on arterioles and venules. Minoxidil, functioning as a prodrug, is metabolized by hepatic sulfotransferase into its active form, minoxidil sulfate, after oral administration. This metabolite binds to the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) component of...
2.5K
Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers01:16

Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers

2.0K
In cardiovascular health, antianginal drugs combat angina pectoris — a condition marked by chest pain owing to diminished blood flow to the heart.
Organic nitrates,  such as nitroglycerin, play a pivotal role. Once metabolized, they liberate nitric oxide, a molecular marvel. Nitric oxide triggers guanylyl cyclase and augments cGMP production. This biochemical cascade orchestrates the relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, ushering in vasodilation and enhancing coronary blood flow....
2.0K
Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions01:24

Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions

1.1K
Acetylation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, introduces an acetyl group to drugs or their metabolites. Acetyltransferase enzymes facilitate this reaction, which resembles α-amino acid conjugation due to the addition of a functional group to the drug molecule.
The substrates for acetylation are typically drugs or their metabolites with an amino, sulfonamide, or hydrazine functional group. Acetylation can occur at several points in the drug molecule, including primary, secondary, and...
1.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Achievement of Target Gain Larger than Unity in an Inertial Fusion Experiment.

Physical review letters·2024
Same author

Lawson Criterion for Ignition Exceeded in an Inertial Fusion Experiment.

Physical review letters·2022
Same author

Development of radiographic classification criteria for hand osteoarthritis: a methodological report (Phase 2).

RMD open·2022
Same author

Dissolved organic nutrient uptake by riverine phytoplankton varies along a gradient of nutrient enrichment.

The Science of the total environment·2020
Same author

Midfoot osteoarthritis: potential phenotypes and their associations with demographic, symptomatic and clinical characteristics.

Osteoarthritis and cartilage·2019
Same author

Risk factor control and outpatient attendance in young adults with diabetes.

Acta diabetologica·2018

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity
11:28

Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity

Published on: June 18, 2012

18.6K

Nitric oxide releasing acetaminophen (nitroacetaminophen).

P K Moore1, M Marshall

  • 1Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College, University of London, Guys Campus, Hodgkin Building, London SE1 1UL, UK. phillip.moore@kcl.ac.uk

Digestive and Liver Disease : Official Journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver
|July 9, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Nitroacetaminophen, a nitric oxide-releasing acetaminophen derivative, shows superior anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects with reduced liver toxicity in animal models. Its distinct pharmacological profile suggests potential as a safer clinical alternative.

More Related Videos

Osteoarthritis Pain Model Induced by Intra-Articular Injection of Mono-Iodoacetate in Rats
08:09

Osteoarthritis Pain Model Induced by Intra-Articular Injection of Mono-Iodoacetate in Rats

Published on: May 20, 2020

10.6K
Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds
08:23

Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds

Published on: February 16, 2022

5.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity
11:28

Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity

Published on: June 18, 2012

18.6K
Osteoarthritis Pain Model Induced by Intra-Articular Injection of Mono-Iodoacetate in Rats
08:09

Osteoarthritis Pain Model Induced by Intra-Articular Injection of Mono-Iodoacetate in Rats

Published on: May 20, 2020

10.6K
Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds
08:23

Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds

Published on: February 16, 2022

5.0K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

  • Acetaminophen is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic.
  • Hepatotoxicity is a significant concern with acetaminophen overdose.
  • Novel derivatives are sought to improve efficacy and safety profiles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the pharmacological properties of nitroacetaminophen, a nitric oxide-releasing derivative of acetaminophen.
  • To compare the anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and hepatotoxic effects of nitroacetaminophen with acetaminophen.
  • To explore the potential of nitroacetaminophen as a safer alternative to acetaminophen.

Main Methods:

  • Administration of nitroacetaminophen and acetaminophen in various animal models (rat, mouse).
  • Assessment of anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-pyretic activities.
  • Evaluation of hepatotoxicity and effects on blood pressure and heart rate.
  • Review of proposed molecular mechanisms, including NF-kappaB and caspase activity.

Main Results:

  • Nitroacetaminophen demonstrated 3-20 times greater potency than acetaminophen in anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive assays.
  • Nitroacetaminophen exhibited minimal to no hepatotoxicity and protected against acetaminophen-induced liver injury.
  • It showed similar anti-pyretic potency to acetaminophen without affecting cardiovascular parameters.
  • Potential mechanisms involve nitric oxide release, influencing cytokine production and caspase activity.

Conclusions:

  • Nitroacetaminophen possesses a distinct and more favorable pharmacological profile than acetaminophen.
  • Its enhanced efficacy and reduced hepatotoxicity suggest significant therapeutic potential.
  • Further investigation into its molecular mechanisms and clinical utility is warranted.