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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...

Principles of Disease Surveillance

Principles of Disease Surveillance

Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

Smallpox

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

Chickenpox

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2026

Vaccinia Reporter Viruses for Quantifying Viral Function at All Stages of Gene Expression

Vaccinia Reporter Viruses for Quantifying Viral Function at All Stages of Gene Expression

Published on: May 15, 2014

Smallpox: clinical highlights and considerations for vaccination.

M C Mahoney¹, A B Symons, S R Kimmel

¹Department of Family Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, ECMC Clinical Center, 462 Grider Street, Buffalo, New York 14215, USA. Martin.Mahoney@roswellpark.org

Journal of Postgraduate Medicine

|July 18, 2003

Summary

Smallpox (vaccinia) vaccination is recommended for select groups, but risks of complications may outweigh benefits for the general population due to changing health conditions. Pre-screening is now essential.

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Area of Science:

Public Health
Infectious Diseases
Vaccinology

Background:

Smallpox (vaccinia) virus is a bioterrorism concern.
Current vaccination recommendations target specific high-risk groups.
Adverse reaction data is outdated, from the 1950s-1960s.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the current necessity and risks of smallpox (vaccinia) vaccination.
To address the contraindications for vaccination in light of evolving disease prevalence.
To determine if vaccine risks outweigh benefits in the general population.

Main Methods:

Review of historical smallpox (vaccinia) vaccination adverse event data.
Analysis of changes in disease prevalence since the 1960s.
Assessment of potential contraindications for vaccination.

Main Results:

Smallpox (vaccinia) vaccination carries risks of complications.
Many new and prevalent diseases may contraindicate vaccination.
Pre-screening of vaccine candidates is now necessary.

Conclusions:

The risks associated with smallpox (vaccinia) vaccination complications likely exceed the benefits for the general population.
Updated guidelines and pre-screening protocols are crucial for safe vaccination practices.
Further research is needed to re-evaluate smallpox (vaccinia) vaccination strategies.