Phonetic features in young children's slips of the tongue

The form in which phonological information is stored in the lexical entries of young children, and how this form changes over time, are questions which are difficult to address, given the limitations of current methodologies. However, slips of the tongue made by young children can be used to shed some light on the question. Earlier research (Stemberger, 1989; Jaeger, 1992) has shown that children as young as 1;7 (one year seven months) make slips in which single consonants or single vowels are substituted or exchanged, implying segmental organization in phonological representations. In the present paper, a corpus of 366 consonant substitutions and reversals made by young children, aged 1;7-6;0, are subjected to a multidimensional scaling analysis, and are shown to be governed by patterns of phonetic similarity, indicating that these segments have phonetic structure. A feature system based on the scaling procedure is found to be somewhat different from one generated by van den Broecke and Goldstein (1980) from adult errors, especially in manner features. While both adults and children err on the 'place of articulation' feature most often, and 'nasality' least often, children produce 'voicing' feature errors less often than adults do, indicating that voicing may be a more important organizing principle for young children than for adults. Some age-related trends in number and type of feature errors are discussed.