Treatment of severe meconium aspiration syndrome with dilute surfactant lavage

Despite the development of new adjuvant therapies, meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) remains a serious respiratory disorder in neonates. Surfactant inactivation by meconium can be overcome by use of exogenous surfactant. This study sought to assess the efficacy and safety of dilute surfactant lavage at 2 different concentrations to treat severe MAS.

We retrospectively reviewed the charts of all term infants with a diagnosis of MAS who had an oxygenation index (OI) > 20 during a 2-year period. Tracheobronchial lavage was performed with a dilute surfactant suspension (5 mg/mL or 10 mg/mL) to reach a total dose of 60 to 70 mg/kg of phospholipid, administered in aliquots of 2 mL.

The records of 22 patients were reviewed, of whom 12 had undergone lavage. These patients were subdivided into low-concentration (surfactant concentration, 5 mg/mL; n = 6) and high-concentration (surfactant concentration, 10 mg/mL; n = 6) subgroups. There were no significant differences in demographic characteristics between these 2 subgroups. The lavaged infants had a significantly higher arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO(2)) 24 hours after lavage than the infants without lavage (178.3 mm Hg vs 80.6 mm Hg, p < 0.05). The incidence of pneumothorax (1/12 vs 7/10, p < 0.05) and requirement for inhaled nitric oxide (5/12 vs 9/10, p < 0.05) were significantly lower in the lavaged group. All infants tolerated the procedure well except for 2 with transient complications. There were no significant differences in duration of lavage, response and complications between subgroups lavaged at low and high surfactant concentration.

Early lavage with dilute surfactant solution at a phospholipid concentration of either 5 mg/mL or 10 mg/mL is effective for the treatment of severe MAS. Further large-scale, prospective, randomized, controlled trials are necessary to establish the optimal dose, concentration, surfactant product, and instillation method of this treatment before it can be recommended for routine use.