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Pretransitional population control and equilibrium.

John Caldwell1, Bruce Caldwell

  • 1Australian National University.

Population Studies
|July 31, 2003
PubMed
Summary
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Hunter-gatherer population control is debated. New analysis suggests high fertility and mortality, not deliberate limitation, shaped early societies, challenging the Neolithic mortality crisis theory.

Area of Science:

  • Anthropology
  • Paleodemography
  • Evolutionary Ecology

Background:

  • Traditional anthropological models propose hunter-gatherers deliberately controlled population size.
  • This control was thought to ensure adequate resources, nutrition, and lower adult mortality.
  • This concept has been a persistent theme in anthropological literature.

Observation:

  • The study critically analyzes existing theory and field evidence regarding hunter-gatherer population control.
  • It questions the established narrative of deliberate population limitation by prehistoric human groups.
  • The analysis examines the interplay of fertility, mortality, and resource availability.

Findings:

  • The evidence for deliberate hunter-gatherer population control is found to be inconclusive ('not proven').

Related Experiment Videos

  • Malthusian constraints, rather than intentional limitation, likely influenced population dynamics.
  • Hunter-gatherer societies likely experienced high child mortality and short life expectancy, alongside high fertility.

    • Implications:

    • This challenges the long-held view of hunter-gatherers actively managing family size and mortality.
    • It suggests that high mortality was a natural consequence of environmental and biological factors, not solely social control.
    • The findings weaken arguments suggesting a distinct 'Neolithic mortality crisis' caused by population changes.