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Related Experiment Videos

Offset control during recurrent 20% carbon dioxide-enriched air induction: relation to individual difference

M J Zvolensky1, G H Eifert, C W Lejuez

  • 1Department of Behavioral Medicine, West Virginia University, USA. m_zvolen@dewey.uvm.edu

Emotion (Washington, D.C.)
|August 6, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Individuals with high anxiety sensitivity experience more distress when they cannot control aversive events. Lacking offset control over carbon dioxide-enriched air increased anxiety and arousal in this group.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Anxiety Disorders
  • Psychophysiology

Background:

  • Contemporary anxiety models emphasize control over aversive events, especially in panic disorder.
  • Understanding the emotional impact of specific control processes remains limited.
  • Anxiety sensitivity influences emotional responses to perceived threats.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the emotional consequences of offset control over aversive stimuli.
  • To examine the moderating role of anxiety sensitivity and gender in response to control manipulations.
  • To explore the relationship between offset control, anxiety, and physiological arousal.

Main Methods:

  • Experimentally manipulated offset control over 20% carbon dioxide-enriched air administrations.

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  • Recruited a large nonclinical sample (n=96) stratified by anxiety sensitivity (high/low) and gender.
  • Measured self-reported anxiety, valence, arousal, emotional control, heart rate, and skin conductance.

    • Main Results:

    • High anxiety-sensitive individuals without offset control reported significantly higher anxiety, displeasure, arousal, and dyscontrol.
    • Low anxiety-sensitive individuals showed similar distress levels irrespective of offset control.
    • Physiological measures (heart rate, skin conductance) did not differ significantly across conditions, despite induced arousal.

    Conclusions:

    • Offset control is crucial for mitigating anxiety in high anxiety-sensitive individuals during interoceptive challenges.
    • Lack of control exacerbates emotional distress, particularly for those prone to anxiety.
    • Findings suggest implications for understanding anxiety related to abrupt bodily sensations and panic disorder.