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Bromate in chlorinated drinking waters: occurrence and implications for future regulation.

Howard S Weinberg1, Carrie A Delcomyn, Vasu Unnam

  • 1Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Rose Hall, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, USA. howard_weinberg@unc.edu

Environmental Science & Technology
|August 7, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Bromate contamination in drinking water from sodium hypochlorite varies regionally. This impacts compliance with current and future drinking water standards.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Water Quality Analysis
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Bromate is a contaminant in sodium hypochlorite solutions used for drinking water disinfection.
  • Previous studies lacked a methodical approach to assess bromate's impact on U.S. drinking water quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the concentration of bromate in finished drinking waters treated with hypochlorite.
  • To assess the impact of hypochlorite feedstock source on bromate levels in U.S. drinking water.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitation of bromate using a sensitive method (down to 0.05 microg/L).
  • Measurement of bromate in feedstock and finished water at 40 U.S. treatment plants.
  • Mass balance calculations and monitoring of chlorate co-contaminants for source confirmation.

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Main Results:

  • Bromate levels in finished water varied across the U.S. based on hypochlorite feedstock origin.
  • Hypochlorite can contribute up to 3 microg/L of bromate to drinking water.
  • Current levels challenge meeting tighter future regulations and industry norms for chemical contaminant contributions.

Conclusions:

  • Regional variations in bromate contamination exist due to feedstock sourcing.
  • Achieving lower bromate limits in finished water is difficult with current hypochlorite quality.
  • Justifying a lower Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for bromate is challenging until feedstock issues are resolved.