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Related Concept Videos

Epistasis01:39

Epistasis

In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class III Agents as Potassium Channel Blockers01:12

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class III Agents as Potassium Channel Blockers

Class III antiarrhythmic drugs are a group of medications that can prolong action potentials in the heart. They achieve this by blocking potassium channels or enhancing inward currents from sodium channels. However, these drugs have a unique property of "reverse use-dependence," which is most pronounced at slower heart rates and can lead to torsades de pointes—a specific type of arrhythmia. However, it is essential to note that excessive QT interval prolongation—a measure of the heart's...
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model
12:37

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Published on: September 7, 2013

[Skin pigmentation after amiodarone administration. Histogenetic problems].

D Lambert, J P Noble, E Justrabo

    Annales De Dermatologie Et De Syphiligraphie
    |January 1, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study examines skin pigmentation in a patient using amiodarone (a heart medication). Pathological analysis revealed pigment-filled cells and inflammation, suggesting potential drug-induced skin conditions.

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    Area of Science:

    • Dermatopathology
    • Toxicology

    Background:

    • Facial pigmentation can be a side effect of certain medications.
    • Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug known to cause various side effects.

    Observation:

    • A pathological examination of skin from a 62-year-old male patient with facial pigmentation was performed.
    • Light microscopy revealed pigment-laden histiocyte-like cells and associated lymphocytic infiltration around capillaries and glands.
    • Electron microscopy identified five granulation types, including lipofuscins and melanin.

    Findings:

    • The observed lymphocytic infiltration suggests a potential for iatrogenic lupus or Jessner-Kanoff's disease.
    • Unidentified substances, possibly amiodarone metabolites, were detected alongside known pigments.
    • The number of pigment-laden cells was lower than typically reported in similar cases.

    Implications:

    • This case highlights the complex dermatopathological changes that can arise from amiodarone use.
    • Further research is needed to identify the unknown substances and confirm their role as amiodarone metabolites.
    • Understanding these pigment characteristics is crucial for diagnosing and managing drug-induced skin reactions.