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Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
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In aerobic fermentations, oxygen is vital for microbial growth and metabolite production. Since air comprises only about 20% oxygen and the gas is poorly soluble in water—just 9 ppm at 20°C—supplying sufficient oxygen becomes a critical challenge, especially in high-demand processes like yeast growth or citric acid production. Even a fully saturated broth may offer only a few seconds of oxygen availability.To address this, sterile or scrubbed air is introduced into the fermentor via a sparger...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor
15:19

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

Published on: October 15, 2015

Oxygen transfer into activated sludge with high MLSS concentrations.

J Krampe1, K Krauth

  • 1Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, Bandtäle 2, 70565 Stuttgart, Germany. joerg.krampe@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de

Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research
|August 9, 2003
PubMed
Summary

This study found that increasing activated sludge solids and viscosity significantly decrease the alpha-factor, impacting oxygen transfer. Fine-bubble aeration is most cost-effective for solids up to 18 g/L.

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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

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Creating Rapid Oxygen Oscillations in Microbial Single-cell Growth Analysis using a Microfluidic Double-layer Device

Published on: July 18, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Wastewater Treatment
  • Bioreactor Technology

Background:

  • Oxygen transfer efficiency in wastewater treatment is crucial for microbial activity.
  • Sludge properties, including rheology and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), can influence oxygen transfer.
  • Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) often operate at high mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of sludge properties on oxygen transfer at varying solids content.
  • To analyze changes in the alpha-factor in relation to sludge characteristics.
  • To evaluate the economic efficiency of different aeration systems at high MLSS.

Main Methods:

  • Oxygen transfer tests were conducted at low and high solids content.
  • Activated sludge was analyzed for rheology, EPS, and capillary suction time (CST).
  • Aeration system performance was assessed based on power density, air throughput, and economic efficiency.

Main Results:

  • The alpha-factor significantly decreased with increasing MLSS or viscosity across all sludge types.
  • Fine-bubble aeration demonstrated the highest economic efficiency for solids concentrations up to 18 g/L.
  • Aeration system performance was influenced by power density and specific air throughput.

Conclusions:

  • Sludge properties, particularly viscosity and solids content, are critical factors affecting oxygen transfer efficiency.
  • Optimizing aeration systems is essential for cost-effective wastewater treatment, especially in MBRs with high MLSS.
  • Fine-bubble aeration presents a viable and economical solution for treating wastewater with high solids loads.