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Cavernous sinus fistulas: carotid cavernous fistulas and dural arteriovenous malformations
Leonard Feiner1, Jeffrey Bennett, Nicholas J Volpe
1Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 51 North 39th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. nickvolp@mail.med.upenn.edu
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
|August 14, 2003
Abstract:
Direct and indirect carotid cavernous sinus fistulas are uncommon vascular anomalies that result in increased pressure in the cavernous sinus. The subsequent changes in blood flow lead to orbital venous congestion, cranial neuropathies, and glaucoma. The following review summarizes knowledge of the clinical features, natural history, diagnostic testing, and therapy for carotid cavernous sinus fistulas.