MR imaging of shoulder instability injuries in the athlete

Lesions leading to glenohumeral instability may result from acute trauma, atraumatic laxity, or repetitive microtrauma. Athletic activities, especially overhead throwing, may lead to a series of lesions involving the stabilizing structures of the shoulder. The resultant injuries and pathomechanics leading to shoulder symptoms can be classified as primary disease, primary instability, acute traumatic instability, and posterosuperior impingment syndrome. MR imaging with or without intrarticular or intravenous injection of contrast material, along with clinical examination and stress testing, provides valuable preoperative assessment.