Effect of saffron on thymocyte proliferation, intracellular glutathione levels and its antitumor activity

Liposome encapsulation of saffron effectively enhanced its antitumor activity towards Sarcoma-180 (S-180) and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma solid tumors in mice. Significant inhibition (P < 0.001) in the growth of these tumors was observed as compared with vehicle (control) mice. In the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA), a T cell mitogen, saffron stimulated non-specific proliferation of lymphocytes in vitro. The intracellular reduced glutathione and related enzymes, i.e. glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase, of S-180 tumor cells were significantly elevated when incubated with saffron, possibly acting to maintain functional levels of other antioxidants. Our studies indicate the antioxidant activity of saffron.