Enzymatic transition state poise and transition state analogues

The development of kinetic isotope effect methods for enzymatic reactions has resulted in the systematic determination of enzymatic transition state structure for several distinct chemical reaction mechanisms. Although it is early in the experimental development of the method, examples of concerted nucleophilic displacements (A(N)D(N) or S(N)2), aromatic nucleophilic displacements (A(N)D(N) or S(N)Ar), and both concerted and stepwise dissociative nucleophilic displacements (D(N)A(N) and D(N)A(N); S(N)1 reactions) have been exemplified. The transition state for each reaction exhibits a characteristic extent of bond-breaking and bond-making, defined here as transition state poise. Thus, concerted nucleophilic displacements (S(N)2 or D(N)A(N)) exhibit various extents of residual bond order to the leaving group and to the attacking nucleophile at the transition state. Aromatic nucleophilic displacements reach their rate-limiting transition states before or after formation of the tetrahedral intermediate. Several concerted, symmetric nucleophilic displacements at carbon have been described. Enzymatic transition state poise is summarized in a single diagram of bond orders using the terminology of Jencks. The analysis reveals enzymatic contributions to transition state poise, provides precedent for assignment of reaction types, and summarizes the current status of the experimental characterization of enzymatic transition states. Binding strengths of transition state analogues are readily correlated with transition state poise.