Living nanovesicles--chemical and physical survival strategies of primordial biosystems
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Updated: Sep 20, 2026

Preparation and Characterization of Nanoliposomes for the Entrapment of Bioactive Hydrophilic Globular Proteins
Published on: August 31, 2019
Andrei P Sommer1, David S McKay, Neva Ciftcioglu
1samoan@gmx.net
Abstract:
Life on Earth and Mars could have started with self-assembled nanovesicles similar to the present nanobacteria (NB). To resist extreme environmental stress situations and periods of nutritional deprivation, nanovesicles would have had a chemical composition protected by a closed mineralized compartment, facilitating their development in a primordial soup, or other early wet environment. Their survivability would have been enhanced if they had mechanisms for metabolic communication, and an ability to collect primordially available energy forms. Here, we establish an irreducible model system for life formation starting with NB.
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