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Related Concept Videos

Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
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Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation01:25

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...
Stages of Sleep01:22

Stages of Sleep

Sleep progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific brain wave patterns and physiological responses ranging from wakefulness to stages of non-rapid eye movement, known as non-REM, to rapid eye movement, referred to as REM. Understanding these stages helps in recognizing how sleep supports various bodily and cognitive functions.
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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
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Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
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Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by pervasive, uncontrolled sleepiness and other sleep disturbances. One of its hallmark symptoms is an abrupt transition to REM sleep upon falling asleep, which causes symptoms typically associated with this phase to occur unexpectedly during wakefulness. These include the following symptoms, which typically last from a minute or two to half an hour.

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Serum amyloid a in obstructive sleep apnea.

Anna Svatikova1, Robert Wolk, Abu S Shamsuzzaman

  • 1Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minn, USA

Circulation
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PubMed
Summary

Patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have significantly higher serum amyloid A (SAA) protein levels. These elevated SAA levels may increase the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in OSA patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease risk.
  • Serum amyloid A (SAA) protein is implicated in atherosclerosis, stroke, diabetes, and dementia.
  • The relationship between SAA levels and OSA requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis that plasma SAA levels are elevated in otherwise healthy individuals with OSA.
  • To compare SAA levels in patients with moderate to severe OSA, mild OSA, and healthy controls.
  • To explore the correlation between SAA levels and OSA severity.

Main Methods:

  • Plasma SAA levels were measured in male and female patients with moderate to severe OSA, mild OSA, and matched controls.
  • Measurements were taken before sleep, after 5 hours of untreated OSA, and in the morning after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment.
  • The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was used to assess OSA severity.

Main Results:

  • Baseline plasma SAA levels were significantly higher in patients with moderate to severe OSA compared to controls (18.8 vs. 7.2 microg/mL, P=0.005).
  • SAA levels in mild OSA patients were comparable to controls (P=0.46).
  • Elevated SAA levels in moderate to severe OSA were observed in both males and females and positively correlated with AHI (r=0.40, P=0.03).

Conclusions:

  • Plasma SAA levels are more than twofold greater in patients with moderate to severe OSA, irrespective of gender.
  • Elevated SAA may contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular and neuronal dysfunction in OSA patients.
  • These findings highlight SAA as a potential biomarker for OSA-related complications.