Epidemiological aspects of infections caused by Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium difficile

Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium difficile are two of the most common anaerobes associated with human disease. Studies on the epidemiology of Bacteroides fragilis are limited and are based predominantly on serogrouping, which suggests intraspecies differences. Further studies using newer techniques for typing are required to elucidate the epidemiological characteristics of this important pathogen. By contrast, numerous phenotypic, immunological and molecular methods have been developed for typing and fingerprinting of Clostridium difficile and applied in epidemiological studies to show conclusively that Clostridium difficile is nosocomially acquired and that there is transmission and cross-infection between hospital patients.