Arachidonic acid activates a functional AP-1 and an inactive NF-kappaB complex in human HepG2 hepatoma cells

Exogenous arachidonic acid (AA) has been shown to induce the antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase gene by reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from AA metabolism and the participation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in human HepG2 hepatoma cells. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of AA on the activation of the two redox-sensitive transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB in HepG2 cells. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, DNA-binding activities of AP-1 and NF-kappaB were markedly increased in AA-treated HepG2 cells. The c-Jun and c-Fos proteins were identified as components of the AA-induced AP-1 complex and their levels were increased. AA-activated NF-kappaB complex was constituted as a p50 homodimer resulting in a nuclear translocation for this protein only. Moreover, no degradation of IkappaBalpha was observed. These results were contrasted to the interleukin-1beta-activated p50/p65 complex used as a positive control. Using 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid and inhibitors of AA metabolism, AP-1 and NF-kappaB activation required the lipoxygenase/cytochrome P450 monooxygenase pathways. In addition, antioxidants inhibited the AA-induced AP-1 and NF-kappaB activation, suggesting a role of ROS released from the AA metabolism. In reporter gene assays, AA induced the transcriptional activity of AP-1 but not that of NF-kappaB. Further investigations showed that the AA-induced transcriptional activity of AP-1 was regulated by protein kinase C and p38 MAPK pathways. These results suggest that the functional AP-1 activated by AA and coupled to that of p38 MAPK pathway may play an important role in response to ROS induced by AA metabolism in HepG2 cells without the involvement of the NF-kappaB pathway.