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Fetal Circulation

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

High Frequency Ultrasound for the Analysis of Fetal and Placental Development In Vivo

High Frequency Ultrasound for the Analysis of Fetal and Placental Development In Vivo

Published on: November 8, 2018

Laserspectroscopy in the fetus during labour.

Stephan Schmidt¹

¹Phillipps-Universitat Marburg, Biegenstrabe 10, Marburg 35032, Germany. schmidts@post.med.uni-marburg.de

European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology

|September 11, 2003

Summary

Near-infrared (NIR) laserspectroscopy offers a non-invasive method for fetal surveillance, providing continuous biochemical data to better identify fetal distress and potentially reduce cesarean sections.

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Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings

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Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings

Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings

Published on: October 25, 2015

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Fetal Physiology
Medical Diagnostics

Background:

Cardiotocography (CTG) for fetal monitoring is associated with high rates of cesarean sections.
Existing methods for fetal surveillance may lack precision in biochemical assessment.
There is a need for advanced, non-invasive techniques for continuous fetal monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate modified laserspectroscopy as a tool for fetal physiologic measurements.
To assess the potential of laserspectroscopy for fetal surveillance by analyzing biochemical parameters.
To compare laserspectroscopy with existing fetal monitoring techniques.

Main Methods:

Laserspectroscopy was employed to track absorbance changes at four wavelengths.
Calculations were performed to determine relative changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2), desaturated hemoglobin, total hemoglobin, and cytochrome aa3.
Tissue oxygenation (tpO2) was studied in fetal lambs during cord occlusion, and the near-infrared (NIR) sensor was used in human fetuses.

Main Results:

Repeated cord compression increased hypoxia tolerance, evidenced by a leftward shift in the cytochrome dissociation curve.
Human fetuses without distress exhibited stable biochemical values with minor fluctuations.
Intrauterine complications in human fetuses correlated with decreased HbO2 and cytochrome aa3, indicating oxygenation deterioration.

Conclusions:

Modified laserspectroscopy provides valuable biochemical information for fetal surveillance.
This technique offers a promising non-invasive alternative to fetal blood sampling for continuous monitoring.
Improved identification of fetal distress through biochemical data may help reduce unnecessary cesarean sections.