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Related Concept Videos

Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Establishing a Mouse Model of a Pure Small Fiber Neuropathy with the Ultrapotent Agonist of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1
09:39

Establishing a Mouse Model of a Pure Small Fiber Neuropathy with the Ultrapotent Agonist of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1

Published on: February 13, 2018

New insights into diabetic polyneuropathy.

Michael Polydefkis1, John W Griffin, Justin McArthur

  • 1Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. mpolyde@jhmi.edu

JAMA
|September 11, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Neuropathy affecting small sensory nerve fibers may indicate early diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Skin biopsies and oral glucose tolerance tests are key diagnostic tools for this condition.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology
  • Diabetology

Background:

  • Peripheral nerve dysfunction often presents as numbness, tingling, and dysesthesias in the feet.
  • Small-caliber sensory nerve fibers are frequently the only objective evidence of neuropathy.
  • Neuropathy can be an early symptom of diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).

Observation:

  • Patients exhibit reduced distal pinprick sensation.
  • Distal leg skin biopsies reveal a loss of small-caliber nerve fibers.
  • Oral glucose tolerance tests are more sensitive for detecting glucose dysmetabolism than fasting blood glucose or HbA1c.

Findings:

  • Small-caliber fiber neuropathy is strongly associated with early diabetes or IGT.
  • IGT-associated neuropathy is generally less severe than diabetic neuropathy.

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Establishing a Mouse Model of a Pure Small Fiber Neuropathy with the Ultrapotent Agonist of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1
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Published on: July 14, 2023

  • Emerging diagnostic methods like skin biopsy with epidermal nerve fiber visualization offer objective measures.

    • Implications:

    • Neuropathy can be the initial clinical manifestation of glucose dysmetabolism.
    • Patients with IGT-associated neuropathy are promising candidates for regenerative therapies.
    • Advances in evaluating small nerve fibers may improve future diabetic polyneuropathy clinical trials.