[Acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Diagnosis and management]

Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage calls for a team approach. Early endotracheal intubation of unconscious patients helps to prevent aspiration. Erythromycin i.v. 20 min. before emergency endoscopy improves the diagnostic yield. Patients without increased risk of rebleeding may be treated on an outpatient basis. Band ligation is the gold standard for acute variceal bleeding. Terlipressin, somatostatin and octreotide are equally effective but require additional measures for prevention of late recurrence. Somatostatin and analogues used as adjunct to ligation slightly reduce the risk of rebleeding but not of death. Three to seven days of prophylactic antibiotics decrease the risk of uncontrolled or recurrent bleeding. Therapeutic failures are rescued by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting (TIPS). Patients with nonvaricose bleeding should only be treated when active hemorrhage or a "visible vessel" is found. First line treatment is endoscopic injection of diluted adrenalin or isotonic saline. Thermal coagulation is an alternative. Tissue-destructing sclerosants should be avoided. Clipping and injection of fibrin glue are second and third line measures. Proton pump inhibitors improve endoscopic hemostasis, however, it is unclear whether high i.v. doses are required. H. pylori must be eradicated to prevent late recurrence. Rebleeding is treated endoscopically with angiographic intervention or surgery as rescue measures.